I , you , someone (person) , something ( thing) ,

　　people , body ;

　　this , the same , other ;

　　one ,two , some , many , much , all ;

　　good , bad , big , small ;

　　think , know , want , feel , see , hear ;

　　say , word , t rue ;

　　do , happen , move ;

　　there is , have ;

　　live , die ;

　　not , maybe , can , before , if ;

　　when , now , after , before , a long time , a shorttime , for some time ;

　　where , here , above , below , far , near , side , inside ;

　　very , more ;

　　kind of , part of ;

　　like ;

　　任何一种语言都可以找到上述概念原词,构成小词汇,小语法,小语言。这种小语言是从自然语言中浓缩出来的,可以用来描述语言,比较语言(在词汇和语法上) ,对语言进行解释。例如:

　　Her mother had her elder sister clean the bicycleand made her younger brother pump the tyres everymorning.这个句子的语义结构可以用自然语义元语言解释,前半句的描述如下:

　　Person X had person Y do Z =

　　a. X wanted Z to happen (to W)

　　b. Because of this , X wanted Y to do Z (to W)

　　c. Because of this , X said something to someoned. Because of this , Y did Ze. X could think that when X says somethinglike this (about something like this) , Y can’t say :“Idon’t want to do this”从上面的自然语义元语言的描述,在SVOC 结构中,用have 时,宾语做某事是自愿的,没有被迫去做的意思;主语与宾语存在一种上下级关系,例如老板叫秘书做某事,用has ,秘书应当自愿响应。同样,从上面的句子也可以看出,谓语动词是make时,则表示宾语不愿意做主语要求做的事,但宾语只好被迫去做。男孩调皮,不听使唤,只有用make ,即命令他去“pump the tyres”。